StartCoroutine / yield return パターンは Unity で実際にどのように機能しますか? 質問する

よく参照されるUnity3Dコルーチンの詳細リンクが切れています。コメントや回答で言及されているので、ここに記事の内容を投稿します。このコンテンツはこの鏡。

Unity3Dコルーチンの詳細

Many processes in games take place over the course of multiple frames. You’ve got ‘dense’ processes, like pathfinding, which work hard each frame but get split across multiple frames so as not to impact the framerate too heavily. You’ve got ‘sparse’ processes, like gameplay triggers, that do nothing most frames, but occasionally are called upon to do critical work. And you’ve got assorted processes between the two.

Whenever you’re creating a process that will take place over multiple frames – without multithreading – you need to find some way of breaking the work up into chunks that can be run one-per-frame. For any algorithm with a central loop, it’s fairly obvious: an A* pathfinder, for example, can be structured such that it maintains its node lists semi-permanently, processing only a handful of nodes from the open list each frame, instead of trying to do all the work in one go. There’s some balancing to be done to manage latency – after all, if you’re locking your framerate at 60 or 30 frames per second, then your process will only take 60 or 30 steps per second, and that might cause the process to just take too long overall. A neat design might offer the smallest possible unit of work at one level – e.g. process a single A* node – and layer on top a way of grouping work together into larger chunks – e.g. keep processing A* nodes for X milliseconds. (Some people call this ‘timeslicing’, though I don’t).

Still, allowing the work to be broken up in this way means you have to transfer state from one frame to the next. If you’re breaking an iterative algorithm up, then you’ve got to preserve all the state shared across iterations, as well as a means of tracking which iteration is to be performed next. That’s not usually too bad – the design of an ‘A* pathfinder class’ is fairly obvious – but there are other cases, too, that are less pleasant. Sometimes you’ll be facing long computations that are doing different kinds of work from frame to frame; the object capturing their state can end up with a big mess of semi-useful ‘locals,’ kept for passing data from one frame to the next. And if you’re dealing with a sparse process, you often end up having to implement a small state machine just to track when work should be done at all.

Wouldn’t it be neat if, instead of having to explicitly track all this state across multiple frames, and instead of having to multithread and manage synchronization and locking and so on, you could just write your function as a single chunk of code, and mark particular places where the function should ‘pause’ and carry on at a later time?

Unity – along with a number of other environments and languages – provides this in the form of Coroutines.

How do they look? In “Unityscript” (Javascript):

function LongComputation()
{
    while(someCondition)
    {
        /* Do a chunk of work */

        // Pause here and carry on next frame
        yield;
    }
}

IEnumerator LongComputation()
{
    while(someCondition)
    {
        /* Do a chunk of work */

        // Pause here and carry on next frame
        yield return null;
    }
}

IEnumerator TellMeASecret()
{
  PlayAnimation("LeanInConspiratorially");
  while(playingAnimation)
    yield return null;

  Say("I stole the cookie from the cookie jar!");
  while(speaking)
    yield return null;

  PlayAnimation("LeanOutRelieved");
  while(playingAnimation)
    yield return null;
}

IEnumerator e = TellMeASecret();
while(e.MoveNext()) { }

IEnumerator e = TellMeASecret();
while(e.MoveNext()) 
{ 
  // If they press 'Escape', skip the cutscene
  if(Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Escape)) { break; }
}

List<IEnumerator> unblockedCoroutines;
List<IEnumerator> shouldRunNextFrame;
List<IEnumerator> shouldRunAtEndOfFrame;
SortedList<float, IEnumerator> shouldRunAfterTimes;

foreach(IEnumerator coroutine in unblockedCoroutines)
{
    if(!coroutine.MoveNext())
        // This coroutine has finished
        continue;

    if(!coroutine.Current is YieldInstruction)
    {
        // This coroutine yielded null, or some other value we don't understand; run it next frame.
        shouldRunNextFrame.Add(coroutine);
        continue;
    }

    if(coroutine.Current is WaitForSeconds)
    {
        WaitForSeconds wait = (WaitForSeconds)coroutine.Current;
        shouldRunAfterTimes.Add(Time.time + wait.duration, coroutine);
    }
    else if(coroutine.Current is WaitForEndOfFrame)
    {
        shouldRunAtEndOfFrame.Add(coroutine);
    }
    else /* similar stuff for other YieldInstruction subtypes */
}

unblockedCoroutines = shouldRunNextFrame;

YieldInstruction y;

if(something)
 y = null;
else if(somethingElse)
 y = new WaitForEndOfFrame();
else
 y = new WaitForSeconds(1.0f);

yield return y;

IEnumerator DoSomething()
{
  /* ... */
}

IEnumerator DoSomethingUnlessInterrupted()
{
  IEnumerator e = DoSomething();
  bool interrupted = false;
  while(!interrupted)
  {
    e.MoveNext();
    yield return e.Current;
    interrupted = HasBeenInterrupted();
  }
}

IEnumerator UntilTrueCoroutine(Func fn)
{
   while(!fn()) yield return null;
}

Coroutine UntilTrue(Func fn)
{
  return StartCoroutine(UntilTrueCoroutine(fn));
}

IEnumerator SomeTask()
{
  /* ... */
  yield return UntilTrue(() => _lives < 3);
  /* ... */
}